تقرير المفتي عن المحاكم الشرعية في أرتريا لعام 1361 الموافق 1942م Mufti's report on 13 Islamic courts in Eritrea

تقرير المفتي عن المحاكم الشرعية في أرتريا لعام 1361 الموافق 1942م

إهتم سماحة المفتي بشوؤن القضاء من أول يومه وقام بزيارة 13 محكمة في أنحاء القطر حيث درس أحوالها عن كثب وكتب تقريرا مفصلا عن أوضاعها وكيفية إصلاحها. وفيما يلي بيان لبعض محتويات هذا التقرير التاريخي.

المحاكم التي زارها سماحة المفتي وشملها في تقريره:

 محكمة كرن، 

 محكمة أغردات،

– محكمة بارنتو

– محكمة تسنى

– محكمة أم حجر

– محكمة نقفة

– محكمة أسمرة

– محكمة عدي وقري

– محكمة دقي محارى

– محكمة ساقنيت

– محكمة عدي قيح

– محكمة قندع

– محكمة مصوع

– محكمة طيعو (لم يزرها المفتي ولكن القاضي كتب إليه تقريرا عن أحوال المحكمة). ولم يتيسر له أيضا زيارة محكمة عصب و عد لعدم تيسر سبل السفر إلى هناك.  

http://mukhtar.ca/%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%81%D8%AA%D9%8A-%D8%B9%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%AA/

إنشاء المجلس الإسلامي الأعلى للتعليم بأرتريا ١٤ مارس ١٩٤٨م Islamic Higher Council for Education 1948

إنشاء المجلس الإسلامي الأعلى للتعليم بأرتريا ١٤ مارس ١٩٤٨م

Establishment of the Islamic Higher Council for Education in Eritrea 1948

عندم تم إنشاء اول مجلس إسلامي أعلى للتعليم بأرتريا ١٤ مارس ١٩٤٨م
مع حلول الإنتداب البريطاني وانفتاح الأجواء إتجهت الجهود الحثيثة نحو فتح المدارس الخاصة ، فقد فتح في خلال عام واحد فقط (عام 1944م ) ثلاثة مدارس إسلامية خاصة وهو رقم قياسي إذا وضع في الإعتبار أنه لم تؤسس ولو مدرسة إسلامية واحدة في العصر الإيطالي كله
وقد تم وضع لائحة تأسيسية وداخلية لهذا المجلس تتكون من 42 مادة وتحتوى على مقدمة وثلاثة أبواب

http://mukhtar.ca/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%AD%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%B3-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3/

Language Maintenance and Language Shift among Second Generation Tigrinya-speaking Eritrean Immigrants in Saudi Arabia,

Language Maintenance and Language Shift among Second Generation Tigrinya-speaking Eritrean Immigrants in Saudi Arabia, a 2012 article by Hussein Ali Habtoor, pp. 945 - 955



Abstract—This paper addresses the language maintenance and language shift among the young Tigrinyaspeaking Eritrean immigrants in Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Sixty-four Tigrinya-speaking teenager immigrants in Riyadh participated in this study. Forty of them are females and twenty-four are males. These respondents are students enrolled in the Eritrean International School in Riyadh. The results reveal that respondents have a limited ability to understand, speak, read, write, and translate orally Tigrinya into Arabic and vice-versa. In comparing the level of their proficiency in both Tigrinya and Arabic, it is found that they have a lower proficiency in Tigrinya than in Arabic. The use of Tigrinya is seemingly decreasing and the use of Arabic is increasing. Therefore, there is evidence from this study that second-generation Tigrinya teenagers’ proficiency is shifting toward Arabic rather than maintaining the native language.

There are more than 100,000 Eritreans in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

 http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.348.4668&rep=rep1&type=pdf#page=85

The Story of the Translation of the Bible into Tigre (1877-1988)

The Story of the Translation of the Bible into Tigre (1877-1988) by SENAI W. Andemariam

قصة  ترجمة الكتاب المقدس إلى التقراية  ١٨٧٧ ـ ١٩٨٨

استغرقت العملية كلها ١١١ عاما لإكمال الترجمة

 According to the author, the whole process took a total of 111 years to complete

Ǝm Kullu, meaning ‘mother of all’ in Tǝgre, was the name of the station from which major scriptural and missionary works of the Swedish Evangelical Mission (SEM) originated. The name “Ǝm Kullu” is often transcribed in many European sources as Menkullu or Moncullo. Professor Adolf Kolmodin, the Director of the SEM who visited the Ǝm Kullu station in October 1908, called the station the ‘Mother of our East African Mission'

http://www.ityopis.org/Issues-2_files/ITYOPIS-2-Senai.pdf

The Attitudes of Tigre-Speaking Students in Eritrea towards Studying Arabic and Tigrinya

The Attitudes of Tigre-Speaking Students in Eritrea towards Studying Arabic and Tigrinya as Second Languages at School: a case study, a 2003 Master of Arts thesis by Tedros Hagos Weldemichael

The educational language policy of Eritrea requires Tigre-speaking students (among others) to study at least one of the working languages of the country, Arabic and Tigrinya, as a school subject. As hardly any research has been done on the attitudes of the target students towards studying each of these languages. One hundred junior-school students between the age of 12 and 16 participated in the study. They were all Muslims (as there are a few Christian Tigre-speakers) from the Eritrean city of Keren. In this study, it was found that the respondents' attitude towards bi-/multilingualism was positive. Particularly, attitudes towards Arabic were favourable among most of them; attitudes towards Tigrinya were relatively less so, yet mostly positive. The main reason for favouring Arabic more (than even English) was related to its association with their religion. It was also found that 80% of the informants were favourably oriented towards studying Arabic as a subject in the future. The underlying motives appeared to be linked mainly with communication (at national and international level) and religion. Conversely, although the majority agreed/strongly agreed that Tigrinya should be taught to all Tigre children as a subject,' only 9% indicated that they would have liked to take this subject in the future.

http://www.mediafire.com/file/iz9ch365z25w2ig/Tigre+speaking+attitudes+to+Arabic+and+Tigrinya.pdf

The making of elite women: Revolution and nation building in Eritrea

The making of elite women: Revolution and nation building in Eritrea, 2004, a book by Tanja R. Müller

صناعة النخبة من النساء: الثورة وبناء الدولة في إريتريا

يحتوي هذا الكتاب دراسة عن النخبة القادمة من النساء في إريتريا، ويشمل ذلك  من الكفاح المسلح من أجل التحرير وتداعياتها، وصولا إلى الذكرى السنوية العاشرة لاستقلال إريتريا في عام ٢٠٠١ وما بعده ويركز على الجبهة الشعبية

This book contains a thorough study of the upcoming of elite women in Eritrea, encompassing the time of the armed struggle for liberation and its aftermath, up to the tenth anniversary of Eritrean independence in 2001 and beyond. The study is multidisciplinary, combining a comprehensive analysis of Eritrean history, society and political developments with extensive case study research of the lives of different groups of elite women. Modernisation processes created by the Eritrean revolution, fostered an environment in which women are regarded as equal and are encouraged to occupy positions of leadership. At the same time, the revolution’s hegemonic ideology does not envisage women opting out of its version of modernity, thus new avenues open up only for those subscribing to the revolution’s narrative of progress. Furthermore, it is argued that while the Eritrean revolution played a decisive role in opening up possibilities for women’s emancipation, a failure to implement democratic structures of governance puts the revolution’s societal achievements at risk – its legacy might well rest with possibilities of personal liberation in individual lives.

https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/12890/ASC-075287668-248-01.pdf?sequence=2