Documentary - Biography of President Barack Obama

Documentary - Biography of President Barack Obama

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dXilnq2hdUs

A 1934 School Certificate of the late Dr. Yassin Aberra

A 1934 School Certificate of the Late Dr. Yassin Aberra

Dr. Yassin Aberra was assasinated by the EPLF death squads at about 6 pm. in front of his house, on 31st January 1991 (26 years ago, this day), just 4 months before the liberation of Eritrea, a cause that he and his family had paid dearly to. I am sharing this certificate on the occassion of this sad day, with the kind permission of Jelal Yassin.

اغتيل الدكتور ياسين أبره من قبل فرق الموت للجبهة الشعبية  ، في مثل هذا اليوم ،في  يوم ٣١ يناير ١٩٩١ (قبل ٢٦ عامام) وكان ذالك أمام منزله حوالي الساعة ٦ مساء، عند عودته من صلات المغرب. ، وكان ذالك قبل ٤ أشهر فقط تحرير إريتريا، وهوالتحريرالذي دفع فيه وعائلته  ثمنا باهظا .  هذه شهادة مدرسية للفقيد عندما كان طالب في الصف الأول 

English translation

Page 1

Governorate of Eritrea

Central Directory of Primary Education

Boys School: Asmara

School Certificate

Pupil: Yassin Mohammed

Son of: M. Aberra Hagos       and  Amina Mohamed

Class: Primary

School Year: 1934

Page 2

Subjects written in the certificate: (Not all were taught in Grade 1),

Marks given in the 1^st , 2^nd and 3^rd Semester

Religion, Songs, Design and Calligraphy, Reading and Reciting, Spelling, Italian Language, Arithmetic and Accounting, Other subjects, Geography, History, Science, Law and Economy concept, Conduct, Hygiene, Arabic, Tigrinya

Page 3

Final Result

Signature of the Head Teacher: S. Gaetana Berreta

Signature of the Head Master: Filippi V.N. Concetta

Page 4 (as attached)

كتاب البلدان Kitab Al Bouldan

كتاب البلدان 

المؤلف: أحمد بن إسحاق (أبي يعقوب) بن جعفر بن وهب بن واضح اليعقوبي 

اصدار ١٨٩٠

حيث يذكر عن زيارته لارض البجة

بلاد البجة: ومن العلاقي الي ارض البجة، الذين يسمون أنفسهم الحداربة والكذبيين خمسة وعشرين مرحلة، ومدينة ملك البجة الحداربة، يقال لها هجر، يأتيها الناس من المسلمين للتجارة، والبجة ينزلون الخيام من جلود وينتفون لحاهم، وينزعون فك ثدي الغلمان لئلا يشبه ثديهم النساءـ وياكلون الذرة ، وماأشبهها ويركبون الأبل و يحاربون عليها ، كما يحارب علي الخيل، ويرمين بالحراب ولا يخطؤن ـ ومن العلاقي إلي ارض البجة الزين يقال لهم الزنافجة خمسة وعشرين مرحلة،والمدينة التي يسكنها ملك الزنافجة يقال لها نقلين، وليس لهم شريعة، انمايعبدون صنماً يسمونه حجاجوا

ص ١٢٥/١٢٤ 

اليعقوبي توفى ٢٨٤ هجرية

The description of the Beja land before 890 A.D. The history of the Beja is much, much older than the Axumite empire, it extends to more than 4000 BCE.

Kitab al-Buldan (Book of the Countries) - History, Geography of travels of the Arab historian (Ahmad ibn Abu Ya'qub ibn Ja'far ibn Wahb Ibn Wadih al-Ya'qubi (died 897/8 AD), contains a description of the India, Egypt and Maghreb and current parts of Sudan and Eritrea. In his book, he has written about the Beja.

This some of what he wrote on the Beja tribes:

The country of the Beja: From Alaalagi to the land of the Beja, who call themselves Alhaddarbah and Alkzbeyein is a distance of 25 leagues (means of measurement then). The city of the Beja Hidareb king is called ’Hager’. Muslims visit the city for trade. The Beja dwell in tents and use hides to lie on. They cut the breast of the boys so that their breasts do not look like those of women. The feed on sorghum and similar cereals, they ride camels and fight on camels and use them just others use horses, they use spears and they do not miss their targets. 

The city where the king of the Beja known as Zanafja, lives is called Neglen. They are not Muslims, they worship an idol called Hajajewa

The kingdom of the Beja (mamlakat al-buja); They dwell between the Nile and the sea and are divided into several kingdoms, each governed by its own king.

The first kingdom of the Beja (al-buja) begins from the Aswān frontier. This is the last district of the Moslem territory stretching east and west from south to the frontier of Barakāt. They are a kind of Ḥabash called Naqīs, and their capital is called Hajar. They are subdivided into tribes and clans (buṭūn), as is customary among the Arabs; some of their tribes and clans [p. 72] are al-hadarāt [sic! obviously for al-ḥadāriba], Suhāb, al-'Amā’ir, Kūbir (Kūtir?), Manāsa, Ras'a, Arbari'a and az-Zanāfij. Gold mines, precious stones and emeralds are found in their country. They are at peace with the Moslems and the Moslems work in the mines of their country.

The second kingdom of the Beja is that of Baqlīn, which has many towns and is very large. Their religion is similar to that of the Magians (al-majūs) and the Dualists (ath-thunawiyya); they call the Almighty God by the name "az-zabhīr"<ref>A tentative Arabic script from the Ethiopian word Egziā’behēr (God). From this passage, one might guess that they were Christian (Conti Rossini, Storia d’Etiopia, p. 274.).</ref> and the devil by the name "sahāy harāqa". They pull out the hair of their chin and remove their central incisors.

The third kingdom is that of the Bāzīn, who border on the kingdom of the 'Alwa Nubians and the Baqlīn Beja, with whom they are, however, at war. The crop on which they live is ... [lacuna] ... which, together with milk, forms their staple food.

The fourth kingdom is called Jārīn. They have a dreadful king, whose rule extends from Bādi’<ref>Arabic: Bādi or Bāsaʾ (Tigre and Tigray: Batsa: Bade) is the old name of Massawa Island.</ref> on the Red Sea coast, to the frontier of Barakāt in the territory of the Baqlīn, until a place called Hall ad-dujāj. They, too, remove their upper and lower incisors lest - they say they resemble the teeth of asses; they also pull out the hair of their chins.

The fifth kingdom is that called Qat'a [Ibn Hawqal: "Qas'a"], the last of the Beja kingdoms. It is very large, extending from Bādi’ to a place called Faykūn.

[p. 73] They are a warlike, powerful nation who possesses a fighting clan (dār muqātila) known by the name of dār as-sawā, where their bravest young men are specially trained for war and combat.

The sixth kingdom is the kingdom of the Najāshī, which is a vast powerful country. Its royal town is Ku'bar [Aksum]. The Arabs go thither to trade. They have big towns and their sea coast is called Dahlak. All the kings of the Habasha country are subject to the Great King (al-malik al-a'zam) and are careful to obey him and pay tribute. The Najāshī professes the Jacobite Christian religion (dīn an-nāsraniyya al-ya’qūbiyya).

The last [i.e. 7th] kingdom of the Ḥabasha is that of the Zanj, a people who dwell near the Sind, as well as on other related nations, different from those Zanj who dwell on the borders of the Sind and the Kurak. They are people (qawm) who, Respite of their multitude (hisāb) are, however, of the same mind (ijtimā' qulūb). (ibid. I, pp. 191-193).

 

Pages 124 - 125

http://islamstory.com/uploads/multimedia/books/Alboldan.pdf

Or can be downloaded at:

https://ia801409.us.archive.org/35/items/kitabalbuldan00yaquuoft/kitabalbuldan00yaquuoft.pdf

Or at: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikisource/ar/f/f9/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86.pdf

The Geography of Strabo

The Geography of Strabo, is one of the oldest written manuscripts about the geography and history of the world. Strabo (64 or 63 BC – c. 24 AD) was a Greek geographer, philospher and historian who lived in Asia Minor during the transitional period of the Roman Republic into the Roman Empire. It is not known precisely when Strabo's Geography was written, some place its first drafts around 7 BC, others around 17 or 18 AD. He travelled to Egypt and Kush , as far west as coastal Tuscany and as far south as Ethiopia in addition to his travels in Asia Minor and the time he spent in Rome. Travel throughout the Mediterranean and Near East, especially for scholarly purposes. It is through his book that we find the earliest accounts of our region.

Note: Taken from Wikipedia

This is an English translation from the original manuscript in Greek, V. I :

https://ia800300.us.archive.org/21/items/geographyofstrab01strarich/geographyofstrab01strarich.pdf

And this is a Greek and English version of the book:
https://ryanfb.github.io/loebolus-data/L049.pdf

Futuh Al Habasha or the Conquest of Abyssinia

Futuh Al Habasha or the Conquest of Abyssinia by Shihab Al Din Ahmad, an edited preparatory in English, 1894

The original manuscript in Arabic is an acoount of the conquest of Abyssinia by Imam Ahmed Bin Ibrahim

https://ia800204.us.archive.org/32/items/futalabashahorc00argoog/futalabashahorc00argoog.pdf

NARRATIVE OF THE PORTUGUESE EMBASSY TO ABYSSINIA 1520 - 1527

NARRATIVE OF THE PORTUGUESE EMBASSY TO ABYSSINIA DURING THE YEARS 1520-1527.  BY FATHER FRANCISCO ALVAREZ.

https://ia800208.us.archive.org/21/items/narrativeofportu00alvarich/narrativeofportu00alvarich.pdf

Toponomastics of Eritrea in the Light of Arabic Geographical Atlases Part I

Toponomastics of Eritrea in the Light of Arabic Geographical Atlases Part I. Generalities, 2016 by BOGUSŁAW R. ZAGÓRSKI

Summary

Eritrea as a part of the Arab World is an unclear idea and it is of interest therefore to study its presentation as a cultural-geographical entity with its toponymic coverage by Arabic publications. The scarcity and difficult availability of the local cartographic products and other publications documenting the state-of-the-art of Arabic toponyms in the country, directs research towards external sources, in this case foreign school atlases in Arabic. This study surveys all Eritrean toponyms found in the collection of 48 such atlases and attempts at finding the rules of Arabicizing the names, the use of verbal roots and word structure patterns, both original Arabic ones as well as those spontaneously created for this occasional purpose, and underlines the low degree of standardization occurring in observed procedures.

http://ro.czasopisma.pan.pl/images/data/ro/wydania/no_2_2016/ROrient_69_z._2-16_21Zagorski.pdf

THE PERIPLUS OF THE ERYTHREAN SEA

THE PERIPLUS OF THE ERYTHREAN SEA: TRAVEL AND TRADE IN THE INDIAN OCEAN BY A MERCHANT OF THE FIRST CENTURY TRANSLATED FROM THE GREEK AND ANNOTATED BY WILFRED H. SCHOFF, 1912

هذا، كتاب نادر من ٣٤٢ صفحة تشير التقديرات انه قد كتب حوالي ٦٠ ميلادية سجل لبحار يوناني ، الذي قاد سفينته في مياه المحيط الكبير ويعود أول سجل مفصل للواردات والصادرات من أسواقها، والشروط والتحالف بين شعوبها. وقد كتب بالتفصيل عن ميناء عزولي ـ ادوليس

This, 342 pages book estimated to have been written about 60 A.D. plain and painstaking log of a Greek in Egypt, a Roman subject, who steered his vessel into the waters of the great ocean and brought back the first detailed record of the imports and exports of its markets, and of the conditions and alli- ances of its peoples. It is the only record for centuries that speaks with authority on this trade in its entirety, and the gloom which it briefly lighted was not lifted until the wider activities of Islam broke the time-honored custom of Arab secrecy in trading, and by grafting Arab discovery on Greek theory, laid the foundations of modern ge- ography. Not Strabo or Pliny or Ptolemy, however great the store of knowledge they gathered together, can equal in human interest this unknown merchant who wrote merely of the things he dealt in and the peoples he met—those peoples of whom our civilization still knows so little and to whom it owes so much; who brought to the restless West the surplus from the ordered and industrious East, and in so doing ruled the waters of the "Erythraean Sea."

"South Arabian inscriptions discovered by Glaser indicate the separation of Axum from its mother-land, the Habash or Ethiopia of South Arabia, not long before the date of the Periplus; and the fact that there is no mention of Axum in any work earlier than the Periplus, and not even in Pliny, suggests the same conclusion ; namely, that the Abyssinian Chronicles are unreliaable, at any rate in their earlier portions. 

You can download the book here:
https://ia600201.us.archive.org/18/items/cu31924030139236/cu31924030139236.pdf

OR here: http://www.mediafire.com/file/9xn64n968bysqg1/ER_Periplus+of+the+Erythrean+Sea.pdf

And a book review of the book:

http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1032373213478603

The CIA Guide to Street Names in Eritrea

The CIA Guide to Street Names in Eritrea, a declassified document released recently by the CIA. The names of street in the major towns given in Arabic, Geez and Italian

دليل وكالة المخابرات المركزية لأسماء الشوارع في إريتريا

https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP81-01043R004000220001-8.pdf

CIA confidential documents on Eritrea, released recently

١٠١١ وثائق سرية تتعلق اريتريا أفرجت عنها وكالة المخابرات المركزية، في الآونة الأخيرة

1011 declassified confidential documents related to Eritrea released by the CIA, recently. They are part of 13 million such confidential documents released by the CIA , based on the CIA  Freedom of Information Act

https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/search/site/Eritrea

Supra-Ethnic Nationalism: The case of Eritrea

Supra-Ethnic Nationalism: The case of Eritrea
a 2002 article by Redie Bereketeab

http://www.mediafire.com/file/puq9ddpxsbudknd/Eritrea_Supra+ethnic+nationalism.pdf

اصل وتاريخ وتراث قبيلة الحباب The origin, history and culture of the Habab

اصل وتاريخ وتراث قبيلة الحباب

تاريخ قبائل الحباب والحماسين- بالسودان وارتريا محمد صالح ضرار

http://www.mediafire.com/file/6g4oqv53zcpzm3z/_ER+HABAB+HAMASEIN++%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE+%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8+%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86+-+%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86+%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7+-+%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF+%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD+%D8%B6%D8
%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1.pdf

Thanks to Omer Abdulgadir Mohamed Ali for sharing
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QTuL-AOWDcY

---------------------------------
ندوة إحياء الذكرى المئوية للشهيد كنتيباي حامد بك د٠ هاشم الخليفة

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2yTqH58fF8E

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CYMJtf7p0AA

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=taDXsa29gco

كتاب وثائق نقفه 

The Nakfa documents

معلومات الببليوغرافية
العنوان: وثائق نقفه: مذكرات، تقارير الإرساليات والمراسلات التي كانت تصف وتشرح قصص قطاع من المجتمعات المطله على البحر الأحمر من عهد الحروب الصليبيه: خلال الفتره من القرن السادس عشر إلى عهد إنشاء المستعمرة الإيطالية الارتريه (١٨٨٥ - ١٩٠١م)

ملخص لوصف محتويات الكتاب: 
هذا الكتاب مهم للمهتمين لمعرفه تاريخ إرتريا وإثيوبيا والمستعمر الإيطالي والبريطاني، وهناك الكثير من الدروس المستفاده من هذا الكتاب، الذي يحتوي علي كنز من الوثائق الغير منشورة من قبل، وهي لنفس مؤلف كتاب: أمراء البحر الاحمر، تم إنتاج هذه الوثائق في نهاية القرن ال19 من قبل المسؤولين الإيطالين في عهد الاحتلال الايطالي لارتريا، وقد أبدوا الاهتمام مجموعه من الضباط الإيطاليين الشباب وشغفهم بتجميع وتوثيق التاريخ من خلال السكان المحليين لدرجه انهم أصبحوا معجبين بمجتمع وتاريخ قبيلة الحباب وإعجابهم لهذا المجتمع لتميزهم بدرجة عالية من التحضر، حتى أنهم أصبحوا جزءا من هذا التاريخ، وهذه الوثائق او السجلات ليست فقط لها دور هام في"التدافع من أجل أفريقيا" بل هي ثقافه كامله وذاكره تاريخيه لهذا المجتمع الرائع

المجلد رقم 53 - Äthiopistische Forschungen، ISSN 0170-3196
المؤلفين: أنتوني د. افراي & ريتشارد بانكهورست
الناشر أوتو هاراسواتس Harrassowitz 2000
ISBN 3447041986، 9783447041980
عدد ٣٠٧ صفحه

Volume 53 of Äthiopistische Forschungen, 
ISSN 0170-3196
Editors: Anthony D'Avray, Richard Pankhurst
Publisher Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 2000
ISBN 3447041986, 9783447041980
Length 307 pages

The Nakfa documents : the despatches, memoranda, reports, and correspondence describing and explaining the stories of the feudal societies of the Red Sea Littoral from the Christian-Muslim wars of the sixteenth century to the establishment 1885-1901 of the Italian colony of Eritrea

Summary

Anyone interested in the history of Eritrea, Ethiopia, or Italian and British Imperialism will learn much from this book. It gives the full texts of the treasure-house of unpublished documents on which the same author's Lords of the Red Sea was based. These documents were produced at the end of the 19th century by the Italian administrators in Eritrea who dealt with the local nomads. These young officers became intrigued by the society and history of the highly developed Habab tribe, even as they became part of that history, replacing loose hegemony with direct sovereignty. Their records document not only their own important role in the "Scramble for Africa" but also the whole culture and historical memory of a fascinating society

اصل وتاريخ وتراث قبائل البني عامر The origin, history and culture of the Beni Amer

تأريخ شرق السودان، ممالك البجة قبائلها وتأريخها

الجزء الأول، مملكة قبائل بني عامرـ قبائلها وحوادثها

http://www.mediafire.com/file/f0mc67y1a5pujor/Er_Beni+Amer+kingdom+Derar1.pdf

The origin, history and culture of the Beni Amer (Arabic notes)

اصل وتاريخ وتراث قبائل البني عامر

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=shBp-9e3w2Y

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RYb2-FjqFVE

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YXqSyBF9UBI

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5Ns5xjuQ8tc

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lUDm_I0SUT4

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5JZfTIi9qhI

------------------------------------------------------

Notes in English:

'Notes on the Beni Amer' by F.S. Nadel pages (51 -94) in the original manuscript (Pages 61 - 104) in this  Vol. 26 of  "Sudan Notes and Records" published 1945. Thanks to Tsegu Kahsay for sharing the link:


http://sfdas.com/IMG/pdf/sudan_notes_and_records_volume_26_-1945.pdf

--------------------------------------------------------
A History of the Beja tribes of the Sudan, (parts related to Eritrea) from a book by A. Paul 1954

تاريخ قبائل البجا في السودان، (مقاطع  ذات الصلة  بإريتريا) من كتاب أ. بول ١٩٥٤

 وفيه إشارة إلى أن ألالمدا، وهم حواالي ٣٦٠٠٠ في اريتريا، كانو قد أسسوا مملكة على الساحل بين مصوع وعقيق، وحتى بعد الإطاحة بها من قبل بيت أسقدي في القرن في ال ١٦

http://www.mediafire.com/download/g8e5dq2e9t15o8w/Beja+tribes_%28parts+on+Eritrea%29+A.Paul+1953.pdf

Thanks to Aida Kidane for sharing this note

---------------------------------------------------

What Ferdinando Martini wrote on the Beni Amer tribes

“Next day, we continued our visit with Beni Amer tribal leaders with Mohamed Arei (leader of Ad Ali Bekhit who are pastoralists, but on their way to converting gradually to farming) and Mahmoud Sheriff (leader of Ad Aagot). They used to live in the mountains of ‘Agraa’ where there was an Abyssinian monastery where Christians on their way to Jerusalem, rested. The Ad Aagot were attacked several times by the Mahdists. Though they defeated the Mahdists every time they came, they decided to move from that area to Keren to have peace.”

Maritini adds, “The Beni Amer, unlike many other Muslim tribes are known to be peaceful, and this is reflected on their love for a peaceful life. You can see that on their faces and external appearance. The authorities in Keren are trying to lift them one step upwards in terms of civilization and that is to transform them from pastoralism to farming. From the discussions, I had with Mahmoud Sheriff, he does not seem convinced about this transformation. He looked with much more greater respect to the herder rather than the one who uses a farm implement. The reason may be his love of freedom and his fear not to lose it under farming. Pastoralists are submissive to the one who protects their lives; but are reluctant to change their traditions and local institutions. They know how to get rid easily of the laws that tend to limit their freedom. Mahmoud sheriff knows that the marriage of his tribe to the land is eternal. He knows that the day they practice farming, they will not be able to live outside their farms. But now they are free of the bondage of land…they go everywhere; even access to water that may limit their freedom and movement, can be compensated by camel milk” (Eritrea in Colonial Africa, pp. 126 -127, Arabic translation)

In Italian: Visioni controverse: Etiopia ed Eritrea tra evocazione mitica e storia

Cartoline d'Africa: Le colonie italiane nelle rappresentazioni letterarie
Visioni controverse: Etiopia ed Eritrea tra evocazione mitica e storia

Postcards of Africa: The Italian colonies in literary representations
controversial visions: Ethiopia and Eritrea between myth and history

http://virgo.unive.it/ecf-workflow/upload_pdf/Innesti_cartoline.pdf

Ethiopia: A tribal journey

Ethiopia: A tribal journey

إثيوبيا - رحلة القبائل

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zBVv8M5tlqk

إثيوبيا على الأقدام -  قبائل الهمر

Ethiopia on foot: The Hamar tribes,  Aljazeera documentary in Arabic

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iloyVu7C_A0
---------------------------------------
Ethiopia on foot: Lalibela and the Hamo tribes:

وثائقي # اكتشاف المجهول : اثيوبيا على الأقدام - لاليبيلا و قبائل الهمو

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hAQiyLPrijc
-----------------------------------------

Ethiopia on foot: Lake Tana

إثيوبيا على الأقدام - ح.5 بحيرة تانا

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OdhlYHHEC5k
----------------------------------------------------------

Ethiopia on foot: The Sorma tribes

إثيوبيا على الأقدام - ح.6 قبائل السورما

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HhQaVT8HpRE
-----------------------------------------
Ethiopia on foot: The Afar tribes

وثائقي # اكتشاف المجهول : اثيوبيا على الأقدام - مقاطعة عفار

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j_LqwAs5Ojk
-----------------------------------------

إثيوبيا على الأقدام - ح.3 مرتفعات تيجري

Ethiopia on foot: The Tigray highlands

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s8Y4oapAOQk
---------------------------------

Ethiopia on foot: Harar

إثيوبيا على الأقدام - ح.9 منطقة هرر

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EV2nNLcCC4U

--------------------------------
Ethiopia on foot: Axum and Gondar

إثيوبيا على الأقدام - ح.4 أكسوم جوندار

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wCRK8cE5U24

A documentary about the life and times of Jaafer Numeiri

Aljazeera documentary about the life and times of Jaafer Numeiri:

فيلم وثائقي عن الرئيس جعفر نميري

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LI3zIrfm394

مقتل الشهيد عبدالقادر كبيرى في عام 1949م on the assasination of martyr Abdukader Kebire

Some details on the assasination of martyr Abdukader Kebire 1949

مقتل الشهيد عبدالقادر كبيرى في عام 1949م

http://mukhtar.ca/%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AA%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%AF-%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D9%83%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%89-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85-1949%D9%85/
------------------------------------

Here is a summary of the notes written by the Grand Mufti, the late Ibrahim Al Mukhtar Ahmed Omer on the assassination:

There were many attempts to get rid of him. The martyr was great concern to the elements loyal to Ethiopia due to previous  contact with them and he was very knowledgeable  of their plans and their methods. He had written a number of articles in the newspapers. Therefore there were many attempts to kill him and get rid of him, especially after they learned of the decision of the Muslim League to send him to the UN. Many dignitaries have warned and advised him to take be cautious and prudent, but he was indifferent to the dangers that surrounded him, but he always said, 'I will die only the day that are destined to me.' Before his assassination he had survived several bomb attacks. One time they went to his farm in Filfil, vandalized it and looted all the livestock there.

How he was killed:

Based on the decision of the Muslim League to send him as a member of a delegation to UN, he was preparing for the trip. The other members of the delegation were Ibrahim Sultan (the Secretary General), Mohamed Osman Hayouti  (from the Massawa branch) and Ibrahim Mohammed (from the Adi Kaieh branch).

On the night of his assassination, he was at the hotel of Calipha Aberra woth his companions discussing matters of travel to the UN. He left them 9 pm to go to his home. The criminal was following him in Calleri street and and when he got the right opportunity he shot him with a pistol among the crowds of passers by. He was transferred to the government hospital in Asmara, where he was operated by senior Italian surgeons, but that does not help save his life. He died on 29th of March 1949 at 9 pm, on the third night after his injury.

Police investigation on the assassination revealed that the criminal who shot him and his collaborators were following his foot steps. They parked four cars at each corner of Calleri Street so that the criminal can escape in any one of the cars. When kebire reached a dim part of the street, the criminal shot him and the criminal was made to escape to Ethiopia. Kebire was the first victim of the ‘Mahber Andinet’ terrorist activities. Following the police investigation, the British Governor General issued a decree on the 6^th of April 1949 to dissolve the party and confiscate all its properties. The police searched the headquarters of the Andinet party and its hiding places and found there a list of the Muslim League leaders that were targeted for assassination. The Muslim League issued a strong statement condemning the assassination and stated that those involved were few who were at the service of forces who are against the Muslim League. It called on all Muslims to close their shops and on all schools to close the day he died. He was buried in a big procession.

_________________

According to Alemseged Tesfai book, Aynifelale:

The killer was identified as Gebremedhin Abraha, according to British documents, a Tigrayan who escaped to Adwa after the killing. The British Administration knew that Gebremedhin used to boast that he killed Kebire. He was a member of the youth wing of Mahber Andnet which was later regarded as a terrorist organization and banned 6th October 1949. Tedla Bairu and the Ethiopian agents Colonel Negga Gebremedhin and his assistant Tekola Gebremedhin were widely believed to have given orders for the killing, according to documents found on the premises of Mahber Andne, but were not officially charged. Though the the British stated they will bring the killer from Tigray and bring him to justice, this was never done (Source: Alemseged Tesfay's book, ' Aynefelale', Arabic translation, P. 342), On this occasion. I post again the original driver's license of the late Abdul Kadir Kabire, picture courtesy of Jelal Yassin.

Culture and agency in a colonial public sphere: Eritrea

Culture and agency in a colonial public sphere: religion and the anti-colonial imagination in 1940s Eritrea,  a 2011 article by  Fouad Makki

http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/03071022.2011.610632?needAccess=true

Mind in Africa, Body in Europe: The Struggle for Maintaining and Transforming Cultural Identity

Mind in Africa, Body in Europe: The Struggle for Maintaining and Transforming Cultural Identity - A Note from the Experience of Eritrean Immigrants in Stockholm: with focus on the Bilin, a 2004 article by Kiflemariam Hamde

This paper describes how individuals and groups who had crossed ‘physical, national boundaries’, and who live in a different social context make sense of their lives make sense of their lives by re-constructing their identities - of the sense of who they are, and who they want to be, which is an ongoing process. This is done by narrating the experiences of African men and women who live in Sweden and who struggle to both maintain their cultural identity and at the same time change aspects in their culture due to the context in which they find themselves

https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/6264063.pdf

Some articles on the Bilin Language مقالات عن لغة البلين

Blin documents available at:

http://daberinet.com/

BILIN: SPEAKER STATUS STRENGTH AND WEAKNESS by Abbebe Kifleyes

مقالات عن لغة البلين

Because encroaching diglossia from Tegrä and/or Tegreñña resulting in the gradual subititutionf Bilin by these languages has been observed in the area of Sänhit, the present contribution is directed towards examining speaker status health and death and disseminating general and specific information on the causes and effects of language shift in Eritrea using Bilin as a case in point... This essay examines Bilin linguistic interaction with Tegrä and/or Tegreñña speaking populations, investigates the tremendous expansion of Tegrä and/or Tegreñña, and the social and economic provisions which may have led to a rapid increase in the Tegrä and/or Tegreñña speakers and hence caused the linguistic and cultural absorption of the Bilin, and discusses the linguistic and cultural elements that contribute to Bilin language drift and shift in the context of the cultural character of language and identit

http://daberinet.com/Blin-files/Main-pBlin-files/Abebe%20Kifleyesus,%202001.%20Bilin%20speakers%20status,%20strength%20and%20weakness.pdf

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Blin Orthography (spelling system): A History and an Assessment by Paul D. Fallon

The language policy of the Eritrean government is to encourage mother-tongue education for native speakers of each of its nine ethnolinguistic groups through primary school (Chefena, Kroon and Walters 1999). When this was implemented for the Blin in 1997, the government provided Blin curricular materials in the language using a new Roman-based alphabet. This overturned a 110-year tradition of writing Blin in Ethiopic script. This paper will focus on the history of writing in Blin, and examine the linguistic and sociolinguistic factors of each writing system

http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.528.759&rep=rep1&type=pdf

---------------------------------------
Some Phonological Processes in Bilin by Paul Fallon:

http://journals.linguisticsociety.org/proceedings/index.php/BLS/article/viewFile/3421/3119

Discussing ethnohistory: The Blin between periphery and international politics in the 19th century, a 2006 article by Wolbert Smidt 

http://journals.openedition.org/cy/1373