A digital archive on Eritrea and Ethiopia in particular and on the Horn of Africa, in general
Saturday 29 August 2020
A Survey of the Beja Tribes by Farej Hamid Farej دراسة استقصائية عن قبائل البجا من قبل فرج حامد فرج
Friday 28 August 2020
Linking the Highlands and Lowlands: Implications of a Test Excavation at Kokan Rockshelter, in 1994 at Agordat, Eritrea
Linking the Highlands and Lowlands: Implications of a Test Excavation at Kokan Rockshelter, in 1994 at Agordat, Eritrea
ربط المرتفعات وآلمنخفضات: الآثار المترتبة على إجراء عملية حفر تجريبية في جبل كوكن ، جوار مدينة أغردات في عام ١٩٩٤
Entrance to the Koken Rockshelter
تحليل لحفريات الاستطلاع والاختبار في المتحف الوطني الإريتري في عام ١٩٩٤ في جبل كوكن يضع أغردات بقوة ضمن مزيج من الأنظمة التجارية الإقليمية من ٢٣٠٠ قبل الميلاد إلى "فترة ما قبل أكسوم، حوالي ٤٠٠ قبل الميلاد حيث كانت مركزاً للتجارة المتزايدة بين وادي النيل والمرتفعات الإريترية/الإثيوبية
An article by S.A. Brandt, Andrea Manzo and Cinzia Perlingeri published at The Archaeology of Ancient Eritrea. P. R. Schmidt, Curtis, Matthew, Zelalem Teka. Trenton (NJ), Red Sea Press. : 33-47.
http://www.mediafire.com/file/88qdvvoih5pz5on/Agordat+Koken+Excavations+2.pdf/file
Folktale of the Bet Asgede on their origins from Tsenadegle ድግም ቤት አስገድ ዛንታ ቤት አስገድ ብዛዕባ መቦቆሎም ካብ ጸንዓደግለን ጉዕዞኦም ካብ ዓዲ ንፋስ ሐማሴን ናብ ሳሕል
ድግም ቤት አስገድ
ዛንታ ቤት አስገድ ብዛዕባ መቦቆሎም ካብ ጸንዓደግለን ጉዕዞኦም ካብ ዓዲ ንፋስ ሐማሴን ናብ ሳሕል
التاريخ الشفوي لبيت أسقدى حول ٱصولهم من ظنعادقلي وهجرتهم من عدي نفاس حماسين الى الساحل
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Source: Conti Rossini, STUDI SU POPOLAZIONI DELL’ ETIOPIA , Rivista degli studi orientali, Vol. 6, Fasc. 2 (1913), pp. 374 - 380
http://www.mediafire.com/file/td7d9mwh3b8wcwc/Rossini+Digm+Bet+Asgede.pdf/file
علاقة السودان باثيوبيا عبر التاريخ بقلم عثمان صالح سبى The Historical Relations of Sudan with Ethiopia by Osman Saleh Sabbe, in Arabic
The Historical Relations of Sudan with Ethiopia by Osman Saleh Sabbe, in Arabic
علاقة السودان باثيوبيا عبر التاريخ بقلم عثمان صالح سبى
On the 'Agazian' Roots መብቆል 'ኣጋዝያን'
To the so-called 'Agazian' and their sponsors in Tigray. If you want to go back to your roots, go to Yemen. Yet another, Ethiopian source, of the many proofs that Agazian is the name of a tribe in Southern Arabia that migrated to our region. And to the Tigrians who deny any links to Arabia:
እቶም ኣጋዝያን ኢና ትብሉ፤ ኣብ ኤርትራ ምንባር እንተጸሊእኩም ናብቲ ዝመጻእኩምሉ ዓዲ የመን ተመለሱ ጻዕዳ ይግበረልኩም። እዚ ሓደ ካብቲ ቡዙሕ መርትዖታት ዝጠግስ እዩ፤ ማለት ኣጋዝያን ካብ ደቡብ ዓረብ ወይ የመን ዝፈለሱ ዓሌት ምዄኖም ዘረጋግጽ እዩ። እዚ መጽሓፍ ኣብ አዲስ አበባ ዩኒቨርስቲ ከም ቃንዲ መወከሲ ናይ ታሪኽ ትምህርቲ ቀዳማይ ዓመት ይጥቀሙሉ። እዚ ጽሑፍ እዚ ነቶም አብ ትግራይ ኮይኖም ምስ ደቡብ ዓረብ ወይ የመን ርክብ የብልናን ዝብሉዉን ይምልከት።
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ናብ ኢትዮጵያ ዝፈለሱ ቀቢላታት ብዙሓት’ኳ እንተነበሩ፡ ሎሚ ግን ካብኣቶም ክልተ ጥራይ ኢና እንፈልጥ፡ ሓበሻትን ኣግኣዝያንን (ጋዘ)። እቲ ቀዳማይ ብሓደ ናይ ደቡብ ዓረብ ውራቕ (ዝተወረቐ ጽሑፍ- inscription) ክምስከረሉ ኸሎ፡ ናይቲ ካልኣይ ግን በቲ ኣብ ኣዱሊስ ዝርከብ “ውቕሮ” ናይቲ ዘይተፈልጠ ሃጸይ ኢትዮጵያ ዝተጠቕሶ ጥራይ ኢና እንፈልጦ። ኣብቶም ብ3 ቋንቋታት ዝተገብሩ ናይ ንጉስ ኢዛና ውቕሮታት፡ ሓበሻት ዝብል ስም ሓንሳብ ጥራይ ተጠቒሱ ኣሎ። እዚ ድማ ኣብቶም ቋንቋታ ሳባውን ግእዝን ጽሑፋት ኢዩ። ኣብ ኢትዮጵያውያን “ኣግኣዝያን” ዝብል ቃል ህቡብ ኢዩ። ጥንታዊ ቋንቋኦም ግእዝ ይበሃል፡ ኣብ ኢትዮጵያዊ ስነ-ጽሑፋት ድማ ንመሬቶም “መሬት ኣግኣዝያን፡” ወይ “ብሔረ ኣግኣዝያን፡” ኢልካ ናይ ምጽዋዕ ዝንባለ (ኣዝማምያ) ኣሎ። ሓበሻት ግን ኣብ ወግዓውን ስነ-ጽሑፍ ተጎስዩ። እቲ “ጋዘ” ዝብል ቃል ከም ወግዓዊ መጸውዒ ጥንታዊ ይመስል። ምኽንያቱ እቲ ኣብ ናይ ኣዱሊስ ውቕሮ ሓተታ ዝሃበ ሰብ፡ ነዚ ቃል ምስ ኣኽሱምን ከባቢኡን ኣተኣሳሲሩ ስለዘላልዮ። ሎሚ እዚ ቃል’ዚ ዝተለወጠ መልክዑ፡ ኣብቲ “ኣከለ ጉዛይ፡” ዝብል ንመላእ ዞባ ደቡባዊ ኤርትራ ዝምልከት መጸውዒ ንረኽቦ። እዚ ድማ ምስ ጥንታዊት ወደብ ኣዱሊስ ዝተኣሳሰረ ነበረ።
ኣብ ኣውራጃ (ክልል) ትግራይ ሓደ “ሳሓርት፡” ዝበሃል ወረዳ ኣሎ። ኣብ የመን ድማ፡ ብሓደ ዓይነት (ተመሳሳሊ) ስም ማለት “ሰሓርታን” ዝበሃል፡ ኣብ ገምገም ቀይሕ ባሕሪ፡ 75 ኪ/ሜ ካብ ሑደይዳ ርሒቑ ዝርከብ ቦታ ኣሎ። ኣብ ጥቓ’ቲ ኣብ ትግራይ ዘሎ ሳሓርት፡ ሓደ ሓውዜን ዝበሃል፡ ቀደም ኣገዳስነት ዝነበሮ፡ ቦታ ኣሎ። እዚ ድማ ካብቲ ደቡባዊ ሓውሳን ዝበሃል ናይ የመን ክፋል ኢዩ። ደቡባዊ ምዕራብ ካብ ይሓ፡ ሓደ “ማዳራ፡” ዝበሃል ቦታ ኣሎ። ኣብ ሓደ ደቡብ የመንዊ ውቕሮ (ካትባን) ድማ ሓደ ብተመሳሳሊ “ማድራን” ዝበሃል ቦታ ተጠቒሱ ይርከብ። ካብ ይሓ ሰሜናዊ ምዕራብ ሓደ ኣሕሰኣ ዝበሃል ወረዳ ኣሎ። እዚ ምስቲ ኣብ ቲሓማ፡ የመን ዘሎ፡ “ኣሕሲያሕ፡” ዝበሃል ቦታ ይመሳሰል ወይ ይጋጠም። ኣብ ጥቓ ሰንዓፈ፡ ኤርትራ፡ ሓደ ኣብ ጥንቲ “ኮሎየ፡” ዝበሃል ዝነበረ ቦታ ኣሎ። እዚ ምስቲ ኣብ ካታባን ዝርከብ “ኩላይ” ይመሳሰል። ሰራየ ዝብል ስም ካብቲ “ሳርዋን” ዝብል ናይ ጎቦታት ሳራት ኣብ የመን ዝመጸ ኢዩ። ካልእ “ቢሻ፡” ዝበሃል ኣብ ኤርትራ ኣብ መንጎ ኣቑርደትን ከሰላን (ሱዳን) ዝርከብ ቦታ፡ ምስቲ ኣብ ማእከል የመን ዝርከብ “ባሒላሕ” ዝበሃል ቦታ ይመሳሰል ወይ ይተኣሳሰር። ብተወሳኺ እቶም ሰፈርቲ ንፈለግ (ወይ ሩባ) መረብ፡ ብዝኽሪ ናይቲ ፍሉጥ ሓጽቢ “ማሪብ” ኢሎም ሰምዮሞ።
ብዘይካ’ዞም ተመሳሰልቲ ኣስማት ቦታታት፡ ካብ ደቡብ ዓረብያ ብዝመጹ ህዝቢ ስደተኛታት (ወይ ፈለስቲ) ዝተመስረታ ከተማታት ኣለዋ። ሓንቲ ኣብነት ይሓ ኢያ። እቲ “ኣዋም፡” ዝብል ኣብዚ ቦታ ኣብ ዝርከብ ሳባዊ ውቕሮታት ዘሎ ስም፡ ምናልባት ስም ናይቲ ኣብ ይሓ ዘሎ ቤተ-መቕደስ ኮይኑ፡ ስሙ ካብቲ ኣብ ማሪብ ዘሎ “ኣል ሙቓሕ፡” ዝተባህለ ቤተ-መቕደስ ዝተወስደ ኢዩ። እዚ ስም መበቆሉ ካብ ደቡብ ዓረብያ ምዃኑ ኣይንፈልጥን ኢና። ይሓ፡ እቶም ካብ ደቡብ ዓረብያ ዝመጹ ስደተኛታት ማእከላይ ቦታኦም ኣበይ ከምዝነበረ፡ ገለ ኣመት ትህበና ኢያ። ነዚ ዕላማ ኩሉግዜ፡ ስትራተጂካዊ ኣገዳስነትን ሕርሻዊ ተኽእሎታትን ዘለዎ ቦታ ይመርጹ ነበሩ። ኣብ እግሪ ሓደ እምባ ዝተደኮነት ኮይና፡ ኣብ ምብራቓ ወሓዚ ሩባ ምስ ሰፊሕ ሰጣሕ ጎልጎል ይርከብ። እቶም ሰፈርቲ ነቲ እምባ ከም መከላኸሊ ከም ዝተጠቕሙሉ ብሩህ ኢዩ። እዚ ተርእዮ’ዚ ኣብ ኩለን’ተን ቅድመ-ኣክሱም ዝነበራ ኢትዮጵያውን ከተማታት ይርአ። እተን ደቡባዊ ዓረብያዊ ኣሰራት ዘለወን ማእከላት፡ ንስፍሓት ናይቲ ካብ ደቡባዊ ዓረብ ዝመጹ ሰፈርቲ ዝሓደግዎ ጽልዋ፡ ብሓርፋፍ ንኽንግምት ክሕግዛና ኢየን። እዚ ካብ ገማግም ቀይሕ ባሕሪ ክሳብ ባርካ ምዕራብ ፈለግ ተከዘን ይዝርጋሕ ነበረ። ኣብዚ ህሉው ግዜ ግን ንስፍሓት ጽልዋ ደቡባዊ ዓረብ ንምግላጽ ኣሸጋሪ ይኸውን።
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Source: Ancient and Medieval Ethiopian History to 1972 by Sergew Habte Sellasie p. 27-30
Tuesday 25 August 2020
“Tsada Getzu, Tsada Libu (White Face, White Heart)”: An Exploration of Skin Lightening in Eritrea
“Tsada Getzu, Tsada Libu (White Face, White Heart)”: An Exploration of Skin Lightening in Eritrea by Fikrejesus Amahazion published 2017 at Africology: The Journal of Pan African Studies, vol.11, no.1. 236-260
ABSTRACT
This paper represents an analysis of skin lightening through interviews, focus group discussions, and survey questionnaires with informants in Eritrea. Findings suggest that skin lightening is increasingly popular with many individuals, particularly females, and that those engaging in skin lightening primarily use creams, lotions, soaps, and homemade mixes consisting of natural ingredients. As with many other countries, skin lightening in Eritrea is associated with a number of different factors. It is recommended that national policymakers consider enacting legislation or developing guidelines to regulate skin lightening products and its ingredients, while public awareness of the significant health risks associated with the use of lightening products is also advocated.
http://jpanafrican.org/docs/vol11no1/11.1-18-Amahazion-final.pdf
Saturday 22 August 2020
Urban Precursors in the Horn: Early 1st Millennium Communities in Eritrea
Urban Precursors in the Horn: Early 1st Millennium Communities in Eritrea:
The authors highlight research showing that between 800 BC and 400 BC , the greater Asmara area of Eritrea supported the earliest settled agro-pastoralist communities known in the highlands of the Horn. These communities pre-date and are contemporaneous with Pre-Aksumite settlements in the highlands of southern Eritrea and northern Ethiopia.
Friday 21 August 2020
The re-structuring of the Eritrean Relief Association (ERA) in 1992 and the guidelines for local and international NGOs
The re-structuring of the Eritrean Relief Association (ERA) in 1992 and the guidelines for local and international NGOs
Can be downloaded:
http://www.mediafire.com/file/vp924ozu6i9ifm0/ERA+Restructuring+1992+guidelines+for+NGOs.PDF/file
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Thanks to Kjetil Tronvoll for sharing
Sunday 16 August 2020
Isaias's answers to questions from the public 1994
Isaias answers to questions from the public 1st September 1994 : 720 questions that were condensed to 42. Those included:
- the killing of disabled fighters in Mai Habar
- the laying-off of staff
- Eritrean opposition fronts
- the fighters arrested after the uprising May 1993
- press law, corruption, housing shortage, aid, foreign relations, etc
http://www.mediafire.com/file/eem1l478a29wu3q/Isaias+answers+to+public+94.PDF/file
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Thanks to Prof. Kjetil Tronvoll for having the answers translated from Tigrinya to English and for sharing it