Eritrea Press Law of 1996 that was declared dead in 2001

 Eritrea Press Law of 1996 that was declared dead in 2001

http://www.mediafire.com/file/kusnytpyareksg2/Eritrea+Press+Law+1996.pdf/file

Thanks to Prof. Kjetil Trovoll for sharing

A MEDICAL REPORT ON THE MUTILATED AND EVIRATED ERITREANS OF THE BATTLE OF ADOWA 1896

 A MEDICAL REPORT ON THE MUTILATED AND EVIRATED ERITREANS OF THE BATTLE OF ADOWA.

By THOMAS FIASCHI, M.D., CH.D.PISA AND FLORENCE, Honorary Captain-Surgeon New South Wales Cavalry, late Honorary Surgeon, Sydney Hospital. 'DURING my period of attenidance at the Hospital of Asmara

British Medical Journal 29 August 1896

Some of the many crimes of Ras Alula in Eritrea 1879 - 1888

 

Some of the many crimes of Ras Alula in Eritrea

When Atse Yohannes took over in Tigray, the highlands of Eritrea were autonomous regions ruled by local families. Ras Woldemikael Solomon, ruler of Hamasein (1841 – 1879) from Hazega replaced Ras Hailu Tecle Haimanot of Tsatzega who was close to Atse Tedros. Ras Alula raided and pillaged several parts of Eritrea at different times before and after his appointment as Governor of Seraye, Hamassein and Akle Guzai on 9th October, 1876. His was the first non-Eritrean to rule the highlands of Eritrea. The only way he could feed his large army was to raid different parts of Eritrea and loot livestock and other property. Yet he never succeeded in having full control of Eritrea.

At the end of September 1880 he led his 12,000 man army into the Ansaba valley. On 10 October 1880, Alula crossed the river towards Keren near the Egyptian post of Shabbab. A detachment was sent to neutralize the fort of Sanhit (Keren), while the bulk of his army marched to the Halhal high plateau and established a fortified camp on top of a mountain. Here, Alula stayed for three weeks, dispatching strong raiding parties against the Habab, Beni Amer, Mensaa, Barka and others.

On 15 February 1882, Alula pillaged for 2 days Ad-Tamaryam and Bejuk and returned to Adi Teklay with about 7000- 800 sheep and goats , similar number of cattle and 15, 000 (Maria Theresa dollars).

On 12 May 1885, at head of 5,000 troops, the Alula encircled 1,000 followers of Shaykh ·Abd al-Qadir of the Habab who was collaborating with Mahdist leader, Osman Digna near Amba and annihilated a third of them.

On 22 November 1886, he pillaged the Baria and Kunama, took all their livestock and killed about 2/3 of them. A memory that is fresh on the folktales of the Baria and Kunama.

Ras Woldemikael, Bahta Hagos, Kifleyesus and the Tigrian renegade Dabbab with his Assawota fighters resisted his presence (Erlich 1997, 11-16, 25, 32-34). The Beni Amer and Ras Woldemichael fought on the side of the Egyptians at Gura against Alula. The Italians were able to control most parts of Eritrea peacefully as the people were fed up with Alula’ incursions.

He even changed the demography of Hamasein as many of his soldiers settled there.
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Source: Erlich, Haggai (1997). Ras Alula and the scramble for Africa -a political biography : Ethiopia and Eritrea 1975-1897

A Survey of the Beja Tribes by Farej Hamid Farej دراسة استقصائية عن قبائل البجا من قبل فرج حامد فرج

 

A Survey of the Beja Tribes by Farej Hamid Farej, a Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of Arts, University of Asmara 1971 

دراسة استقصائية عن قبائل البجا من قبل فرج حامد فرج، أطروحة مقدمة إلى كلية الآداب، جامعة أسمرة ١٩٧١ 

http://www.mediafire.com/file/dzgkcelc7z6z9w9/Survey-Beja+Tribes+Updated.pdf/file

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Thanks to Prof. Kjetil Tronvoll for sharing and thanks to Farej Hamid Farej for sending me a refined version

Linking the Highlands and Lowlands: Implications of a Test Excavation at Kokan Rockshelter, in 1994 at Agordat, Eritrea

Linking the Highlands and Lowlands: Implications of a Test Excavation at Kokan Rockshelter, in 1994 at Agordat, Eritrea 

ربط المرتفعات وآلمنخفضات: الآثار المترتبة على إجراء عملية حفر تجريبية في جبل كوكن ، جوار مدينة أغردات في عام ١٩٩٤

Entrance to the Koken Rockshelter

تحليل لحفريات الاستطلاع والاختبار في المتحف الوطني الإريتري في عام ١٩٩٤ في جبل كوكن يضع أغردات بقوة ضمن مزيج من الأنظمة التجارية الإقليمية من ٢٣٠٠ قبل الميلاد إلى "فترة ما قبل أكسوم، حوالي ٤٠٠ قبل الميلاد حيث كانت مركزاً للتجارة المتزايدة بين وادي النيل والمرتفعات الإريترية/الإثيوبية 

An article by S.A. Brandt, Andrea Manzo and Cinzia Perlingeri published at The Archaeology of Ancient Eritrea. P. R. Schmidt, Curtis, Matthew, Zelalem Teka. Trenton (NJ), Red Sea Press. : 33-47.

The article deals with ceramic and lithic materials from a 2nd-1st millennium BC site in the region of Agordat, in the Western Eritrean lowlands. A first assessment of the role of the region in the complex economic relationship between lowlands and Eritrean highland is given.

An analysis of reconnaissance and test excavations from the National Eritrean Museum in 1994 in Kokan firmly places Agordat within the mix of regional trading systems from  ca. 2300 BCE to the “Pre-Axumite period, ca. 400 BCE where it was a center of the increasing trade between the Nile valley and Eritrean/Ethiopian highlands 

http://www.mediafire.com/file/88qdvvoih5pz5on/Agordat+Koken+Excavations+2.pdf/file

Folktale of the Bet Asgede on their origins from Tsenadegle ድግም ቤት አስገድ ዛንታ ቤት አስገድ ብዛዕባ መቦቆሎም ካብ ጸንዓደግለን ጉዕዞኦም ካብ ዓዲ ንፋስ ሐማሴን ናብ ሳሕል

  ድግም ቤት አስገድ     

 ዛንታ ቤት አስገድ ብዛዕባ መቦቆሎም ካብ ጸንዓደግለን ጉዕዞኦም ካብ ዓዲ ንፋስ ሐማሴን ናብ ሳሕል 

التاريخ الشفوي لبيت أسقدى حول ٱصولهم من ظنعادقلي وهجرتهم من عدي نفاس حماسين الى الساحل

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Source: Conti Rossini,  STUDI SU POPOLAZIONI DELL’ ETIOPIA , Rivista degli studi orientali, Vol. 6, Fasc. 2 (1913), pp. 374 - 380

http://www.mediafire.com/file/td7d9mwh3b8wcwc/Rossini+Digm+Bet+Asgede.pdf/file

علاقة السودان باثيوبيا عبر التاريخ بقلم عثمان صالح سبى The Historical Relations of Sudan with Ethiopia by Osman Saleh Sabbe, in Arabic

 

The Historical Relations of Sudan with Ethiopia by Osman Saleh Sabbe, in Arabic

علاقة السودان باثيوبيا عبر التاريخ بقلم عثمان صالح سبى 

http://www.mediafire.com/file/6d3a18wus6p1per/%25D8%25B9%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%2582%25D8%25A9_%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25B3%25D9%2588%25D8%25AF%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586_%25D8%25A8%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AB%25D9%258A%25D9%2588%25D8%25A8%25D9%258A%25D8%25A7_%25D8%25B9%25D8%25A8%25D8%25B1_%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25AA%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D9%258A%25D8%25AE_%25D8%25AF%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B3%25D8%25A9_%25D8%25B9%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9.PDF/file

On the 'Agazian' Roots መብቆል 'ኣጋዝያን'

 To the so-called 'Agazian' and their sponsors in Tigray. If you want to go back to your roots, go to Yemen. Yet another, Ethiopian source, of the many proofs that Agazian is the name of a tribe in Southern Arabia that migrated to our region. And to the Tigrians who deny any links to Arabia:

እቶም ኣጋዝያን ኢና ትብሉ፤ ኣብ ኤርትራ ምንባር እንተጸሊእኩም ናብቲ ዝመጻእኩምሉ ዓዲ የመን ተመለሱ ጻዕዳ ይግበረልኩም። እዚ ሓደ ካብቲ ቡዙሕ መርትዖታት ዝጠግስ እዩ፤ ማለት ኣጋዝያን ካብ ደቡብ ዓረብ ወይ የመን ዝፈለሱ ዓሌት ምዄኖም ዘረጋግጽ እዩ። እዚ መጽሓፍ ኣብ አዲስ አበባ ዩኒቨርስቲ ከም ቃንዲ መወከሲ ናይ ታሪኽ ትምህርቲ ቀዳማይ ዓመት ይጥቀሙሉ። እዚ ጽሑፍ እዚ ነቶም አብ ትግራይ ኮይኖም ምስ ደቡብ ዓረብ ወይ የመን ርክብ የብልናን ዝብሉዉን ይምልከት።
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ናብ ኢትዮጵያ ዝፈለሱ ቀቢላታት ብዙሓት’ኳ እንተነበሩ፡ ሎሚ ግን ካብኣቶም ክልተ ጥራይ ኢና እንፈልጥ፡ ሓበሻትን ኣግኣዝያንን (ጋዘ)። እቲ ቀዳማይ ብሓደ ናይ ደቡብ ዓረብ ውራቕ (ዝተወረቐ ጽሑፍ- inscription) ክምስከረሉ ኸሎ፡ ናይቲ ካልኣይ ግን በቲ ኣብ ኣዱሊስ ዝርከብ “ውቕሮ” ናይቲ ዘይተፈልጠ ሃጸይ ኢትዮጵያ ዝተጠቕሶ ጥራይ ኢና እንፈልጦ። ኣብቶም ብ3 ቋንቋታት ዝተገብሩ ናይ ንጉስ ኢዛና ውቕሮታት፡ ሓበሻት ዝብል ስም ሓንሳብ ጥራይ ተጠቒሱ ኣሎ። እዚ ድማ ኣብቶም ቋንቋታ ሳባውን ግእዝን ጽሑፋት ኢዩ። ኣብ ኢትዮጵያውያን “ኣግኣዝያን” ዝብል ቃል ህቡብ ኢዩ። ጥንታዊ ቋንቋኦም ግእዝ ይበሃል፡ ኣብ ኢትዮጵያዊ ስነ-ጽሑፋት ድማ ንመሬቶም “መሬት ኣግኣዝያን፡” ወይ “ብሔረ ኣግኣዝያን፡” ኢልካ ናይ ምጽዋዕ ዝንባለ (ኣዝማምያ) ኣሎ። ሓበሻት ግን ኣብ ወግዓውን ስነ-ጽሑፍ ተጎስዩ። እቲ “ጋዘ” ዝብል ቃል ከም ወግዓዊ መጸውዒ ጥንታዊ ይመስል። ምኽንያቱ እቲ ኣብ ናይ ኣዱሊስ ውቕሮ ሓተታ ዝሃበ ሰብ፡ ነዚ ቃል ምስ ኣኽሱምን ከባቢኡን ኣተኣሳሲሩ ስለዘላልዮ። ሎሚ እዚ ቃል’ዚ ዝተለወጠ መልክዑ፡ ኣብቲ “ኣከለ ጉዛይ፡” ዝብል ንመላእ ዞባ ደቡባዊ ኤርትራ ዝምልከት መጸውዒ ንረኽቦ። እዚ ድማ ምስ ጥንታዊት ወደብ ኣዱሊስ ዝተኣሳሰረ ነበረ።

ኣብ ኣውራጃ (ክልል) ትግራይ ሓደ “ሳሓርት፡” ዝበሃል ወረዳ ኣሎ። ኣብ የመን ድማ፡ ብሓደ ዓይነት (ተመሳሳሊ) ስም ማለት “ሰሓርታን” ዝበሃል፡ ኣብ ገምገም ቀይሕ ባሕሪ፡ 75 ኪ/ሜ ካብ ሑደይዳ ርሒቑ ዝርከብ ቦታ ኣሎ። ኣብ ጥቓ’ቲ ኣብ ትግራይ ዘሎ ሳሓርት፡ ሓደ ሓውዜን ዝበሃል፡ ቀደም ኣገዳስነት ዝነበሮ፡ ቦታ ኣሎ። እዚ ድማ ካብቲ ደቡባዊ ሓውሳን ዝበሃል ናይ የመን ክፋል ኢዩ። ደቡባዊ ምዕራብ ካብ ይሓ፡ ሓደ “ማዳራ፡” ዝበሃል ቦታ ኣሎ። ኣብ ሓደ ደቡብ የመንዊ ውቕሮ (ካትባን) ድማ ሓደ ብተመሳሳሊ “ማድራን” ዝበሃል ቦታ ተጠቒሱ ይርከብ። ካብ ይሓ ሰሜናዊ ምዕራብ ሓደ ኣሕሰኣ ዝበሃል ወረዳ ኣሎ። እዚ ምስቲ ኣብ ቲሓማ፡ የመን ዘሎ፡ “ኣሕሲያሕ፡” ዝበሃል ቦታ ይመሳሰል ወይ ይጋጠም። ኣብ ጥቓ ሰንዓፈ፡ ኤርትራ፡ ሓደ ኣብ ጥንቲ “ኮሎየ፡” ዝበሃል ዝነበረ ቦታ ኣሎ። እዚ ምስቲ ኣብ ካታባን ዝርከብ “ኩላይ” ይመሳሰል። ሰራየ ዝብል ስም ካብቲ “ሳርዋን” ዝብል ናይ ጎቦታት ሳራት ኣብ የመን ዝመጸ ኢዩ። ካልእ “ቢሻ፡” ዝበሃል ኣብ ኤርትራ ኣብ መንጎ ኣቑርደትን ከሰላን (ሱዳን) ዝርከብ ቦታ፡ ምስቲ ኣብ ማእከል የመን ዝርከብ “ባሒላሕ” ዝበሃል ቦታ ይመሳሰል ወይ ይተኣሳሰር። ብተወሳኺ እቶም ሰፈርቲ ንፈለግ (ወይ ሩባ) መረብ፡ ብዝኽሪ ናይቲ ፍሉጥ ሓጽቢ “ማሪብ” ኢሎም ሰምዮሞ።

ብዘይካ’ዞም ተመሳሰልቲ ኣስማት ቦታታት፡ ካብ ደቡብ ዓረብያ ብዝመጹ ህዝቢ ስደተኛታት (ወይ ፈለስቲ) ዝተመስረታ ከተማታት ኣለዋ። ሓንቲ ኣብነት ይሓ ኢያ። እቲ “ኣዋም፡” ዝብል ኣብዚ ቦታ ኣብ ዝርከብ ሳባዊ ውቕሮታት ዘሎ ስም፡ ምናልባት ስም ናይቲ ኣብ ይሓ ዘሎ ቤተ-መቕደስ ኮይኑ፡ ስሙ ካብቲ ኣብ ማሪብ ዘሎ “ኣል ሙቓሕ፡” ዝተባህለ ቤተ-መቕደስ ዝተወስደ ኢዩ። እዚ ስም መበቆሉ ካብ ደቡብ ዓረብያ ምዃኑ ኣይንፈልጥን ኢና። ይሓ፡ እቶም ካብ ደቡብ ዓረብያ ዝመጹ ስደተኛታት ማእከላይ ቦታኦም ኣበይ ከምዝነበረ፡ ገለ ኣመት ትህበና ኢያ። ነዚ ዕላማ ኩሉግዜ፡ ስትራተጂካዊ ኣገዳስነትን ሕርሻዊ ተኽእሎታትን ዘለዎ ቦታ ይመርጹ ነበሩ። ኣብ እግሪ ሓደ እምባ ዝተደኮነት ኮይና፡ ኣብ ምብራቓ ወሓዚ ሩባ ምስ ሰፊሕ ሰጣሕ ጎልጎል ይርከብ። እቶም ሰፈርቲ ነቲ እምባ ከም መከላኸሊ ከም ዝተጠቕሙሉ ብሩህ ኢዩ። እዚ ተርእዮ’ዚ ኣብ ኩለን’ተን ቅድመ-ኣክሱም ዝነበራ ኢትዮጵያውን ከተማታት ይርአ። እተን ደቡባዊ ዓረብያዊ ኣሰራት ዘለወን ማእከላት፡ ንስፍሓት ናይቲ ካብ ደቡባዊ ዓረብ ዝመጹ ሰፈርቲ ዝሓደግዎ ጽልዋ፡ ብሓርፋፍ ንኽንግምት ክሕግዛና ኢየን። እዚ ካብ ገማግም ቀይሕ ባሕሪ ክሳብ ባርካ ምዕራብ ፈለግ ተከዘን ይዝርጋሕ ነበረ። ኣብዚ ህሉው ግዜ ግን ንስፍሓት ጽልዋ ደቡባዊ ዓረብ ንምግላጽ ኣሸጋሪ ይኸውን።
--------------------------------
Source: Ancient and Medieval Ethiopian History to 1972 by Sergew Habte Sellasie p. 27-30

“Tsada Getzu, Tsada Libu (White Face, White Heart)”: An Exploration of Skin Lightening in Eritrea

 

“Tsada Getzu, Tsada Libu (White Face, White Heart)”: An Exploration of Skin Lightening in Eritrea by Fikrejesus Amahazion published 2017 at Africology: The Journal of Pan African Studies, vol.11, no.1. 236-260

ABSTRACT

This paper represents an analysis of skin lightening through interviews, focus group discussions, and survey questionnaires with informants in Eritrea. Findings suggest that skin lightening is increasingly popular with many individuals, particularly females, and that those engaging in skin lightening primarily use creams, lotions, soaps, and homemade mixes consisting of natural ingredients. As with many other countries, skin lightening in Eritrea is associated with a number of different factors. It is recommended that national policymakers consider enacting legislation or developing guidelines to regulate skin lightening products and its ingredients, while public awareness of the significant health risks associated with the use of lightening products is also advocated.

http://jpanafrican.org/docs/vol11no1/11.1-18-Amahazion-final.pdf

Urban Precursors in the Horn: Early 1st Millennium Communities in Eritrea

 

Urban Precursors in the Horn: Early 1st Millennium Communities in Eritrea:

The authors  highlight re­search showing that between 800 BC and 400 BC , the greater Asmara area of  Eritrea supported the earliest settled agro-pastoralist communi­ties known in the highlands of the Horn. These communities pre-date and are contemporane­ous with Pre-Aksumite settlements in the high­lands of southern Eritrea and northern Ethiopia.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273292644_Urban_precursors_in_the_Horn_Early_1st-millennium_BC_communities_in_Eritrea

The re-structuring of the Eritrean Relief Association (ERA) in 1992 and the guidelines for local and international NGOs

The re-structuring of the Eritrean Relief Association (ERA) in 1992 and the guidelines for local and international NGOs 

Can be downloaded:

http://www.mediafire.com/file/vp924ozu6i9ifm0/ERA+Restructuring+1992+guidelines+for+NGOs.PDF/file

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Thanks to Kjetil Tronvoll for sharing

Isaias's answers to questions from the public 1994

 Isaias answers to questions from the public 1st September 1994 : 720 questions that were condensed to 42. Those included:

- the killing of disabled fighters in Mai Habar

- the laying-off of staff

- Eritrean opposition fronts

- the fighters arrested after the uprising May 1993

- press law, corruption, housing shortage, aid, foreign relations, etc

http://www.mediafire.com/file/eem1l478a29wu3q/Isaias+answers+to+public+94.PDF/file

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Thanks to Prof. Kjetil Tronvoll for having the answers translated from Tigrinya to English and for sharing it

A 2004 PhD Thesis Student Selection and Retention at the University of Asmara, Eritrea by Tekie Asehun

 Student Selection and Retention at the University of Asmara, Eritrea by Tekie Asehun Leonida, University of Groningen Center for Development Studies, University of Groningen 2004 covering the period 1991-2002

https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/af29/cea5597ca0283bcc15750ac14022df1de9e4.pdf?_ga=2.196956844.1094257931.1597312398-1627026142.1597312398

Church and State in Ethiopia: 1270 - 1527

Church and State in Ethiopia: 1270 - 1527 by Tadesse Tamrat

https://ia802908.us.archive.org/4/items/church-and-state-in-ethiopia/Church%20and%20state%20in%20ethiopia.pdf

A collection of the EPLF communique 1988-1992 released by Dr. Tesfay Ghermazion who was the Deputy representative of the organization in the USA

A collection of the EPLF communique 1988-1992 released by Dr. Tesfay Ghermazion who was the Deputy representative of the organization in the USA

https://www.mediafire.com/file/rk60s9tn0abpdqp/Tesfay_Germazion_Comm_Rep_US_88_92.pdf/file

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Thanks to Prof. Kjetil Tronvoll who shared the documents

Günter Schröder: MARRIAGE, VITAL EVENTS REGISTRATION & ISSUANCE OF CIVIL STATUS DOCUMENTS IN ERITREA

Günter Schröder on May 2017 MARRIAGE, VITAL EVENTS REGISTRATION & ISSUANCE OF CIVIL STATUS DOCUMENTS IN ERITREA

https://migrationlawclinic.files.wordpress.com/2017/05/paper-gc3bcnther-schrc3b6der-eritrea-marriage.pdf

Abdelkarim Ahmed Interview with German researcher Günter Schröder عبد الكريم أحمد

Abdelkarim Ahmed Interview with German researcher Günter Schröder on Kassala, January 7, 1988 on the early years of the liberation struggle. Abdelkarim Ahmed widely known as 'Seni Falu' was the military leader of Zone 3 in the Eritrean Liberation Army

المناضل عبد الكريم أحمد في مقابلة مع الباحث الألماني غونتر شرودر في كسلا، 7 يناير ١٩٨٨ حول السنوات الأولى في جبهة التحرير الارترية٠ عبد الكريم أحمد كان معروف ب "سيني فالو" وكان القائد العسكري للمنطقة ٣ في جيش التحرير الإريتري٠  

https://www.mediafire.com/file/odmu8pyh72lxddt/Abdelkerim_Ahmed_O7-O1-88.pdf/file

An expedition from Sennaar to Taka, Basa, and Beni-Amer, with a particular glance at the races of Bellad Sudan 1852

African wanderings; or, An expedition from Sennaar to Taka, Basa, and Beni-Amer, with a particular glance at the races of Bellad Sudan

by Werne, Ferdinand; Johnston, J. R.

 

https://ia600206.us.archive.org/30/items/africanwandering00wernuoft/africanwandering00wernuoft.pdf

Life, Wanderings and Labours in Eastern Africa by Charles New 1873

Life, Wanderings and Labours in Eastern Africa by Charles New 1873

Life, wanderings, and labours in Eastern Africa : with an account of the first successful ascent of the equatorial snow mountain, Kilima Njaro, and remarks upon East African slavery

https://ia800509.us.archive.org/33/items/lifewanderingsla00newc/lifewanderingsla00newc.pdf

Osman Saleh Sabbe interviews with Günter Schröder 1980/1983

Osman Saleh Sabbe interviews with Günter Schröder 1980/1983

المقابلات التي اجراها الباحث الاماني قونتر شرودر مع عثمان صالح صببي ١٩٨٠ و ١٩٨٣

https://www.mediafire.com/file/lk0xqz20me2wbau/Usman_Saleh_Sabbe_Full.pdf/file