Eritrea 1994: Who was who? and where is WHO?

Eritrea 1994: Who was who? and where is WHO?

Several leadership levels, but absolute ruler ONE

Tigre and the others: Linguistic and cultural Changes within the Tigre area

Tigre and the others: Linguistic and cultural Changes within the Tigre area by Prof. Gianfrancesco Lusini

التقرى وغيرهم: التغيرات اللغوية والثقافية داخل منطقة التقرى

http://www.mediafire.com/file/xi7642rdkup3b28/Tigre+and+others.pdf

Opening speech at “History and language of the Tigre-speaking peoples. Proceedings of the International Workshop, Naples, February 7 – 8, 2008 «Studi Africanistici. Serie Etiopica» 8, Napoli: Università di Napoli “L'Orientale”, edited by Prof. Gianfrancesco Lusini

كلمة افتتاحية في "تاريخ ولغة الشعوب الناطقة بالتقرى. وقائع ورشة العمل الدولية، نابولي، 7 - 8 فبراير 2008

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Thanks to Prof. Gianfrancesco Lusini for sharing

Copies of the original Tigrinya letters exchanged between Isaias Afwerki and Meles Zenawi

Copies of the original Tigrinya hand-written letters exchanged between Isaias Afwerki and Meles Zenawi prior to the 1998 war , with summaries in English

http://www.mediafire.com/file/gox4t8g4cxngm96/Presidents+Isias+Meles+Exchange.pdf

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Thanks to Prof. Kjetil Tronvoll for sharing

Remarks on the archaeology of the Tigre area

Remarks on the archaeology of the Tigre area by Andrea Manzo

ملاحظات على آثار منطقة التقرى

http://www.mediafire.com/file/8kf4737m29nyh4b/Archeology+of+Tigre+area.pdf

A paper presented at the “History and language of the Tigre-speaking peoples. Proceedings of the International Workshop, Naples, February 7 – 8, 2008 «Studi Africanistici. Serie Etiopica» 8, Napoli: Università di Napoli “L'Orientale”, edited by Prof. Gianfrancesco Lusini

ورقة بحثية قدمت في "تاريخ ولغة الشعوب الناطقة بالتقرى. وقائع ورشة العمل الدولية، نابولي، 7 - 8 فبراير 2008

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Thanks to Prof. Gianfrancesco Lusini for sharing

The agreements between Eritrea and Ethiopia that ended up in war

The main agreement between the Government of the State of Eritrea and the then Transitional Government of Ethiopia, 20  July 1993

http://www.mediafire.com/file/21bue34o32zekrx/Main+Agreement+Er_eth++July+1993.pdf

The agreement between the Government of the State of Eritrea and the then Transitional Government of Ethiopia, 23 September 1993

http://www.mediafire.com/file/8bv7137blkdltqf/Agreement+Er_eth+1993.pdf

The Joint Communique of 1993

http://www.mediafire.com/file/rsexxwr4bxsc2t1/Joint+communique+93.pdf

The Joint Communique of 1994

http://www.mediafire.com/file/epeki6nj2idwc20/Joint+communique+94.pdf

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Thanks to Prof. Kjetil Tronvoll for sharing

The voting results of Eritreans in the diaspora in the Independence Referendum in 1993

The voting results of Eritreans in the diaspora in the Independence Referendum in 1993

http://www.mediafire.com/file/1840ofv7hogtmy1/Citizens%27+Refrendum+Monitoring++Group+%28CRMG%29_Final+Report_1993%5B428%5D.pdf

Thanks to Prof. Kjetil Tronvoll for sharing

The time Eritrea was divided into six regions 1995

Eritrea 22 years ago, when the country was administratively divided into six regions,

That date, the following were appointed as Administrators of the Regions, Ibrahim Toteel (N. Red Sea), Alamin Sheikh Saleh (Anseba), Mustafa Nur Hussein (Gash-Barca), Mesfin Hagos (Southern Region). That period Dr. Tesfay Germatzion was a Minister of Agriculture, and Adhanom Geberemariam was the Administrator of Seraye (Before the designation of the new regions).

Since 1991, The actors of the play keep changing, but so far, the master is one. Three of the Region Administrators then are in Prison, Mesfin Hagos is in the diaspora

http://www.mediafire.com/file/zpp7np82ecfiby8/New+Adminstrative+Regions_1995.pdf

Thanks to Prof. Kjetil Tronvoll for the collection

A 1984 publication by Marxist-Leninist (ML) Core in the TPLF

When the TPLF was TOO RED

A 1984 publication by Marxist-Leninist (ML) Core in the TPLF

Some highlights:

Pre-TPLF Ethiopia: The civilization of Axum which thrived in what is now Tigray and some outlying areas was one of the most slave societies of the time and the fall of Axum around 10^th century AD was also the fall of slavery as a social system; Yohannes IV was regarded as a feudal lord; Ethiopia emerged as a full-fledged empire at the end of the 19^th century.

ML & its relations with other Ethiopian forces: The TPLF had the ML since its inception and it passed a resolution in the TPLF First Congress in 1979, to make it legal for the vanguard elements and communist cadres (both in the army and mass organizations) to organize openly at a higher level and make necessary preparations for that. It stated that the Proletariat is the leader of the revolution and that the peasants were its core. At the beginning of 1980 the writings of Enver Hoxha’s , the Chair of the Albanian Communist party that was anti-Maoist and anti-Soviet Socialism, found its way to the TPLF and the ML since adopted his line; the ML was against the Tigray Liberation Front (TLF), which it accused as narrow Tigrinyan nationalist, it was also against the EPRP (Ethiopian Peoples’ Revolutionary Party), All Ethiopia Socialist Movement (Meison), and Ethiopian Democratic Union (EDU). It rooted them out of Tigray one after the other and became the sole power in there.

Regarding the Eritrean Peoples’ struggle: It considered it a colonial question and just, but it stated that there is a need for a genuine proletarian leadership, if the Eritrean people struggle was to result not only in national liberation, but in social emancipation, as well.

It also supported the Palestinian struggle against Zionism and Imperialism

http://www.mediafire.com/file/rm10979cam4mhmm/TPLF+Marxist+Core.pdf

The opinion of the Institute of Ethiopian Nationalities on the Jeberti 1987

The opinion of the Institute for the study of Ethiopian Nationalities on the Jeberti 1987

When the Jeberti, in Eritrea requested that they be recognized as a separate nationality, The ruling party then, The Workers Party of Ethiopia (WPE) , did not arrest them or kill them, but sent a team of experts from the  Institute for the study of Ethiopian Nationalities to study their case. This is the opinion of the team: The opinion was translated from Amharic to English by Berhane Mekonen, a senior lecturer, Mekelle University

http://www.mediafire.com/file/34l73ndbqen88mf/Jeberti+Ethiopia+note.pdf

Thanks to Prof. Kjetil Tronvoll for sharing the document

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In a separate case, when the Assaworta in Eritrea requested they be recognized in 1986, a separate nationality, the Institute sent a team to study their case. The members of the team were: Yusuf Yassin, Dr. Yayehyirad Kitaw, Dr. Asmelash Beyene and Abiye Fitawork, In both cases, the opinion of the teams was not in favour of the requests.

Fondo Eritrea

Fondo Eritrea

http://www.mediafire.com/file/r7s5qnncq1rl7ce/Fondo_eritrea.pdf

A BBC documentary on Ethiopian Music in the 1980s

A BBC documentary on Ethiopian Music in the 1980s

A journey through Ethiopia through the music of the 1980

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6boJCbIr53w

The Hand-written Manifesto of the TPLF, Feb. 1976

A copy of the original, hand-written English version, of the Tigray Peoples' Liberation Front's (TPLF) Manifesto  of February 1976

http://www.mediafire.com/file/m25yqka6c9ebfez/TPLF+Manifesto+Feb+1976.pdf

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Thanks to Prof. Kjetil Tronvoll for sharing the document

Human Rights issues in Eritrea in 1955

Human Rights issues in Eritrea in 1955 as raised in an article in the Modern Law Review, Issue 5, pp. 484 -486

The idea of a citizen having any rights against the authorities being an startling innovation, in Eritrea resort to the Supreme Court in defence of a constitutional right has been rare, but five cases has arisen in the first two and a half years of self governance, that article discusses those cases....

http://www.mediafire.com/file/8lc8tuh5o3l918s/Human+Rights+1955.pdf

Thanks to Prof. Kjetil Tronvoll for sharing

The Law of “ADGHENATECHLEBA” , the law of the people of AKele Guzai Division

The Law of “ADGHENATECHLEBA” , the law of the people of Acchele Guzai Division. The 29 District Chiefs and 83 persons experts in law who were selected by the villagers of the various districts of Acchele Guzai Division held several meetings which lasted one and half year in Segeneiti, Adi Caieh and Senafe and succeeded in drawing up this Code which comes into force with effect from 28th Tahsas 1937 (7th January, 1944).

It can be downloaded here:

http://www.mediafire.com/file/shjhr9v7bjtc7kr/Akele+Guzai+Law+1944.pdf

Thanks to Prof. Kjetil Tronvoll for sharing

Tesfay Woldemikael ‘Degiga’ on the relations of the ELF and TPLF

Interview of Tesfay Woldemikael ‘Degiga’ on the relations of the ELF and TPLF by Guenter Schroeder, Kassala 1988

http://www.mediafire.com/file/i4yi9djh9492ia6/Degiga+interview+with+Guenter+Schroeder+1988.pdf

Thanks to Prof. Kjetil Tronvoll for sharing the document

When the Axumites invaded and occupied Yemen

When the Abyssinians came to the rescue of the Christians in Yemen in the 6^th century:

The beginning of the war between Abyssinia and Yemen was when king Yusuf “Zi Newas” (515 – 525 AD) of Yemen converted to Judaism and brutally killed the Christians of Nejran who did not convert to Judaism. Some reports indicate about 20, 000 Christians were killed. One of the Christians, called “Dos Bin Thaalaban”  escaped and contacted the king in Abyssinia and showed him part of a burned Bible. The king said he was ready to help them but did not have ships to transport his army to Yemen. The king contacted the Roman Emperor then, Yustinus (518 – 527 AD) who sent the ships. The Greek writer Cosmos, author of the ‘Christian Comography’ has written an eyewitness account of the preparation of the Axumite army in Adulis. There are different accounts of the number of the Abyssinan army ranging between 4, 000 to 70, 000.  Abyssinian accounts name the king of Axum then, as King Kaleb. The Abyssinian army was led by Abraha or Arbat. Abraha built a church in Sanaa and forced the Yemenis to go pilgrimage the church instead of going to Mecca. The Arabs refer to the year Abraha tried to invade Mecca in 570 AD  (It was also the year the Prophet Mohamed was born), as the ‘year of the elephant’.The incident is also referred to in the Koran. Abraha ruled Yemen for 23 years, up to 544 AD. His son ‘Yexum’ ruled Yemen for 19 years, There were many revolts in Yemen against Abraha rule in Yemen. A detailed account with many Arab and western references is given in the source below.

Source: Gamaladdin A-Shami and his son Dr. Hashim A-Shami. (1997). AL-Manhal Fi Tarikh Wa Akhbar AL Afar (Al-Danakil), (The source on History and Narrative of the Afar (Al-Danakil. Cairo, Kamil Graphics., L:S:B:N. 977/19/4208/5, in 740 pages

The account is detailed in Pages: 124 – 132

The book was translated to Amharic, with additions to the Arabic version in 2007 with the title (ዓፋር (ደንከል) ታሪክና መረጃ አርክ ምንጭ).

The Nile tributaries of Abyssinia

The Nile tributaries of Abyssinia and the sword hunters of the Hamran Arabs by Samuel Baker, 1867

https://ia802704.us.archive.org/18/items/niletributarieso00bakerich/niletributarieso00bakerich.pdf

The status and role of the Eritrean Orthodox Church in the union with Ethiopia:

The status and role of the Eritrean Orthodox Church in the union with Ethiopia

Before the advent of Italian colonialism, the Church owned valuable land in the highlands, demanded and got free peasant labor in time for cultivation. During Italian rule, the Church land was confiscated and converted to Italian crown land. Some land was leased to expectant peasant villages and other land was given to Italian settlers. The Church as an economic power was destroyed.

In the Italian desire to weaken the ideological and administrative unity of the Coptic Church, the Italians located its central office in Akle Guzai and demanded it severe its institutional ties to the Ethiopian Orthodox Church. Abuna Querlos refused to comply. As a result the Italians expelled him from his seat and replaced him with a little known priest from Akle Guzai, who became known as Abuna Markos. Having located the Central office in a region with such heterogeneous social and ideological formation (Moslems made up almost one third of the population, it was the least populated of kebessa regions and the largest number of defectors from the Coptic Church were there, where the new converts to Catholicism numbered at least one seventh of the Coptic population), the Italians succeeded in weakening the Abuna Markos’s Office to the point where its survival depended on the Italians. When the Italians occupied Ethiopia in 1935, they further weakened the unity of the Church by locating the Tigre section to be administered by Abuna Markos. So when Haile Sellasie returned to his throne in 1941, the Abuna was in a difficult position.

Yet, the Church exerted super structural influence, i.e. the ideology of the masses still remained that of Coptic Christianity. Immediately after the Italian defeat, it made every effort to reverse history. In 1947, it was joined by the Society for the union of Eritrea with Ethiopia (SUEE) which later became the Unionist Party. It cultivated its allies from the Kebessa, including the Massawa nobility and the chiefs of Muslim lowlands. The party’s founding fathers and active members had already secured, by the early forties important high offices in the Addis-based Ethiopian Government, namely Vice-Chancellor of Addis; Director of Ethiopian Post and Telegraph; and his Majesty’s Minister of Pen. The main aim of the party was to cultivate mass support for union with Ethiopia. In return the Ethiopia was to restore to the Church and chiefs their lost economic and political power, and through intermarriage, etc., make them part of the Shoan-Amhara feudal ruling class. The agent for this conspiracy was the Eritrean Coptic Church. It began intimidating the highland peasant s, threatening to excommunicate, refusing holy services of baptism and burial if the Church adherents did not support union with Ethiopia. But the more the conspiracy took shape the more it became exposed, the heads of the Church increasingly relied on anti-Muslim paranoia and hysteria to gain support for a union with Ethiopia. With this, fragile and ‘unholy’ alliance created between the chiefs and heads of the unionist Party collapsed. And the Church temporarily succeeded in forming anti-Muslim Christian solidarity for the unionist cause. With the partial success of the Coptic cause, a counter party articulated the interest of the lowlands, the Muslim League was already formed in 1946.

Quoting Trevaskis, “ by 1942 every priest became a propagandist in the Ethiopian cause, every village church had become a center of Ethiopian nationalism, and popular religious feast days such as “Maskal” had become occasions for open displays of Ethiopian patriotism. The cathedral, monasteries, and village churches would be festooned with Ethiopian flags and sermons would be delivered in unequivocal political language”.

It is worth to mention that there were a minority of Christian elites at that time, headed by Ras Tesemma Asberom who was against the Church role in trying to unite Eritrea with Ethiopia, at any cost, even using extreme forms of violence.

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Source: Jordan Gebre-Medhin , Peasants and nationalism

Hgi Enda Fegrai

Enda Fegrai The law takes its name from the village where it was created. Elements of two districts (Egghelà Hatzin and Tedrer) were involved at a very ancient and unrecorded time. This law was revised in Adi Goddo in 1905, and it is also followed in the Seraye district of Temezza.

http://www.mediafire.com/file/610vac6tqlm9lv1/HGI-ADEBO_Merid+Zeru.pdf

The Trump archive

The Trump Archive collects TV news shows containing debates, speeches, rallies, and other broadcasts related to President Donald Trump. This evolving non-commercial, searchable collection is designed to preserve the historical record for posterity.

The project is a work in progress, with improvements planned for expanding the collection and making searching more efficient.

https://archive.org/details/trumparchive